Better Use Redneck with Care

Better Use Redneck with Care Better Use Redneck with Care Better Use Redneck with Care By Maeve Maddox A man speaking in a city board meeting in my town this week got into trouble for using the word redneck. He was arguing that shrinking city funds would be better spent on maintaining the local cable access channel than on Christmas lights in the town square. He stirred up a storm of protest when he referred to the city employees putting up the lights as highly-paid rednecks. The uproar got me thinking about this term, one of my least favorite group designators. As far as I can interpret the mans remarks, he wanted to convey the thought that the cable channel, as a means of communicating the workings of the city government, is of more value than mere seasonal display. So why did he choose to call the men putting up the lights rednecks instead of, say, workers? The mind functions in curious ways. Our thoughts reside there in layers upon layers. Sometimes what may seem like an insignificant word choice reveals a layer we may not even be aware of. The speaker came to Arkansas from California. He may not realize it himself, but his choice of the word redneck suggests an attitude of superiority towards the natives. For those readers who may not be familiar with the term, redneck in modern American usage is used chiefly to refer to a perceived type of Southern white person. The term has been used in other contexts with other possible origins, but the term, as popularized by standup comic Jeff Foxworthy, probably derives from the sunburned necks of outdoor laborers. Foxworthy, a native of Georgia, can use the term with impunity, rather as black comics can get away with nigger. Depending upon who is using it, the word redneck can be inoffensive or deeply pejorative. As used in country songs, redneck carries a connotation of pride along with the characteristics of patriotism, belief in God, self-respect, and independence. This kind of redneck probably drives a pickup truck and owns a gun. Hes not afraid of hard work and would rather go hungry than accept charity in any form. He mistrusts overeducated people and prefers the country or small town to the city. As used by outsiders, redneck seems to have replaced hillbilly as a word to stereotype Southerners. As a term of opprobrium, a redneck not only drives a pickup and owns a gun, he is loud, often drunk, ignorant, bigoted, xenophobic, and trashy. He dresses like a slob, speaks with a southern accent, fills his yard with junk, and has no appreciation of the finer things of life. The term has its uses, both in conversation and in writing, but it can be volatile and is best used with care. Youll find further information about redneck and other terms often applied in a pejorative sense to Southerners here (Update: page no longer online). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply withEmail EtiquetteNominalized Verbs

The Definition of Deviance Amplification

The Definition of Deviance Amplification Deviance amplification is a process, often performed by the mass media, in which the extent and seriousness of deviant behavior is exaggerated. The effect is to create a greater awareness and interest in deviance which results in more deviance being uncovered, giving the impression that the initial exaggeration was actually a true representation. Leslie T. Wilkins originally reported on the process of deviant amplification in 1964 but it was popularized by Stanely Cohens book  Folk Devils and Moral Panic,  published in 1972. What Is Deviant Behavior? Deviant behavior is a broad term because it covers anything that goes against social norms. This could mean anything from minor crimes like graffiti  to more serious crimes like robbery. Adolescent deviant behavior is often a source of deviance amplification. Local news will sometimes report on a something like a new teen drinking game, implying it is a popular trend instead of the actions of one group. This kind of reporting can sometimes start the trends they were reporting on although each new act will add credence to the initial report.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Deviant Amplification Process Deviant amplification usually starts when one act that is either illegal or against social morals that wouldnt normally be worth of media attention becomes newsworthy. The incident is reported on as being part of a pattern. Once an incident becomes the focus of the media, other similar stories that normally wouldnt make the news fall under this new media focus and become newsworthy. This begins to create the pattern that was initially reported on. The reports can also make the action seem cool or socially acceptable, leading to more people to try it, which reinforces the pattern. It can be hard to prove when deviant amplification is happening because each new event seems to validate the initial claim.   Sometimes citizens will pressure law enforcement and government to take action against the perceived  deviant threat. This can mean anything from the passage of new laws to harsher punishments and sentences on existing laws. This pressure from the citizens often requires  law enforcement to put more resources into an issue that it actually warrants. One of the main problems with deviance amplification is that it makes a problem seem much larger than it is. Which in the process can help create a problem where there was none.  Deviance amplification can be part of a moral panic but they do not always cause them.   This hyper-focus on minor issues can also cause communities to miss larger issues they need to be focusing attention and resources on. It can make social issues harder to solve because all of the focus is going to an event that was artificially created. The deviant amplification process can also cause certain social groups to be discriminated against if the behavior is tied to that group.

Design Patterns Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Design Patterns - Research Paper Example This notification can encompass particular information and facts regarding the topic of the notification. However, the subject can eliminate any of the observers from the list when there is no need for a specific observer to be informed regarding these events or changes with respect to the matter they are registered with the subject. They are used when there is need maintaining constancy and reliability between connected objects while not affecting coupling characteristics of classes. For instance, these patterns can be used when an object needs to be able to inform other objects without having suppositions on the subject of those objects. Moreover, the observer pattern consists of the following elements (Osmani, 2012): Subject: This component is responsible for managing the operation related to observers, such as facilitating, eliminating, or adding observers into the list (Osmani, 2012). Observer: This component is responsible for offering an up to date interface for observers that need to be informed regarding any change (Osmani, 2012). Concrete Subject: This component is responsible for managing transmission and notifications to objects regarding changes to state. It also maintains the state of ConcreteObservers (Osmani, 2012). ConcreteObserver: This component is responsible for establishing and maintaining a reference to the ConcreteSubject. In addition, it also implements a modern interface for the observer to make sure that state is compatible with the subject (Osmani, 2012). Advantages The observer patterns allow software development teams to think effectively about the associations among various elements of software application (Osmani, 2012; Toal, 2012). These patterns also allow software engineers to recognize what application layers have straight associations which could be alternatively replaced with a set of observers and subjects. In this scenario, these patterns can be effectively employed for splitting a software application into a number of sm aller, more freely joined components with the purpose of improving code maintenance as well as competency for re-use (Osmani, 2012; Sud, 2013). These patterns are useful for establishing and maintaining a one-to-many dependency between objects (Marakana Inc., 2013). These patterns provide an excellent communication mechanism for instance, when there is a change in the state all the related objects are notified automatically (Marakana Inc., 2013) Disadvantages As discussed above, these patterns support for decoupling however by decoupling various objects, it can frequently turn out to be hard to get assurance that specific components of a software application are working as they are expected to do (Osmani, 2012; Pierry, 2013). It is believed that in these patterns subscribers are relatively unaware of the subsistence of each other as well as are sightless to the price of switching publishers. Hence, because of this dynamic association between objects, it is difficult to track the upd ate dependence (Osmani, 2012; Sud, 2013). 2. The Factory Pattern The Factory pattern is also one of the most important creational patterns, which is concerned with the concept of developing objects. However, it differentiates with other patterns of the base of a property and that is it doesn't openly require software engineers to make use of use of a constructor. On the other hand, a Factory provides software engineers

Business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Business management - Essay Example Although aspiring to be called an international bank, its home based in France does give Eurobank a somewhat influenced culture and therefore a national expression. Interesting enough, Eurobank has an ill defined corporate culture which is essentially different from a purely national culture, yet its corporate culture is an overt expression of French national values and traits. This may be attributed to presence of the French upper management and corporate policies and dual official languages on one hand while its English locale and the hundreds of local English employees not expatriates on the other hand. Although the General Manager of the bank describes Eurobank as largely transnational, but down the line other managers have taken a rather different outlook. It has been labelled as a national bank but with successful footholds and ventures overseas its international stance cannot be overlooked, perhaps amalgamating through acquisitions as an international bank. Nevertheless in true essence Eurobank in England is not given the recognition of a global organization by some quarters. Though much is being done to remove the traces of national culture and give it an international visage with a high degree of autonomy and hiring of mostly English staff, still we are able to detect the distinct national cultural characteristics influencing their corporate culture. It is the Eurobank policies and functioning style that remain normative to both national and corporate cultures. Preserving its national culture has its merits too, for e.g. as we can see with its broad customer base and customer loyalty agenda. Its national identity does hold importance to its customer groups and that is the reason they seem to have inducted that into their business strategies. The idea behind such a blend is that customers tend to correlate and recognize the culture of the institution that they are entrusting with their assets. Although the increasingly European cultural styles

Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious Essay Example for Free

Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious Essay As Antonia Peacocke quotes in her essay, â€Å"The show Family Guy is one of the first in history that has been canceled not just once, but twice† (300-301). The show was brought back in August 2000 and again in July 2001 when fans could not get enough of the adult cartoon. As well as being a fan favorite, Family Guy is also a controversial topic for critics all over the world. In the essay, â€Å"Family Guy and Freud: Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious†, Antonia Peacocke analyzes the show and gives her reasons why it is not all negative and crude humor. Antonia Peacocke is a student at Harvard University. She is also a National Merit Scholar, and has won awards such as the Catherine Fairfax MacRae prize for Excellence in both English and Mathematics. She was asked to write this essay specifically for the book They Say, I say: with readings. The Peacocke’s main point of her entire essay is that she wants to let readers know why Family Guy is not a bad show, in her and others opinions, but one that has been criticized for solely bringing entertainment. Peacocke does a successful job in portraying this, but it is not completely clear until the end, where her thesis can be found. The very last sentence of the essay is her thesis: â€Å"While I love Family Guy as much as any fan, it’s important not to lose sight of what’s truly unfunny in real life – even as we appreciate what is hilarious in fiction† (Peacocke 308). Peacocke’s thesis could be a little more clear throughout her essay, therefore, I do not feel it is as effective as it could be, but the author clearly states her argument and presents her case. Peacocke starts the essay of by saying, â€Å" Before I was such a devotee, however, I was adamantly opposed to the program for its particular brand of humor† (Peacocke 300). She makes it clear her feelings about the show in the very beginning. Although she is a fan, she at one time disliked the show. She quotes Stephen Dubner, co-author of Freakonomics, as saying â€Å"a cartoon comedy that packs more gags per minute about race, sex, incest, bestiality, etc. than any other show [he] can think of† (Peacocke 300). She backs up her one time opinions by saying â€Å"It will come as no surprise that I was not alone in this view; many still denounce Family Guy as bigoted and crude† (Peacocke 300). Although the show is currently very successful, she says â€Å"It must be one of the few shows in television history that has been canceled not only once, but twice†¦ The show ran until August 2000, but was besieged by so many complaints†¦that Fox shelved it until July 2001† (Peacocke 300). Also, she says, â€Å"I must admit, I can see how parts of the show might seem offensive if taken at face value† (Peacocke 302). At one point Peacocke realized, â€Å" [I found myself] forced to give Family Guy a chance. It was simply everywhere â€Å" (Peacocke 302). One of Peacocke’s main points is that Family Guy has gained much positive attention. On Facebook, as Peacocke explains, â€Å"there are 23 universal separate Family Guy groups with a combined membership of 1,669 people (compared with only 6 groups protesting against Family Guy, with 105 members total). Users of the well-respected Internet Movie Database rate the show 8.8 out of 10† (Peacocke 303). As you can see, â€Å"among the public and within the industry, the show receives fantastic acclaim; it has won eight awards, including three primetime Emmys† (Peacocke 303). Also, when the show was on the brink of cancellation, â€Å" fans provided the brute source necessary to get it back on the air† (Peacocke 303). The more she was around the show, the more positively she viewed it. Peacocke then goes on to say that those who do not often watch the show, â€Å"could easily come to think that the cartoon takes pleasure in controversial humor just for its own s ake† Peacocke 303). The next main point that Peacocke claims is that viewers who â€Å"pay more attention and think about the creators’ intentions can see that Family Guy intelligently satirizes some aspects of American culture† (Peacocke 304). The next paragraph is a segment from an episode in season 4, which shows Stewie reading a book only because it was on the Oprah reading list. Peacocke says â€Å" [Brian and] Stewie demonstrate insightfully and comically how Americans are willing to follow the instructions of a celebrity blindly – and less willing to admit that they are doing so† (Peacocke 304). The jokes that Family Guy is known for, â€Å"attract a different kind of viewer. Such viewers are†¦conscious and critical viewers† (Peacocke 304). In my opinion, the very last sentence is the most powerful in the whole essay. Peacocke states â€Å"They are not – and I cannot stress this enough, self serving as it may seem – immoral or easily manipula ted people† (304). Peacocke says that it sheds light on, and allows viewers â€Å" the ability to analyze what they are watching, the creators of Family Guy point out the weaknesses and defects of U.S. society in a mocking and sometimes intolerant way† (Peacocke 305). A good example of this is the segment from the episode â€Å"I Am Peter, Hear Me Roar.† In this episode, â€Å"the ‘instructional video’ quoted above becomes not only funny but also insightful. In its satire, viewers can recognize the sickly sweet and falsely sensitive sexism of the 1950s in observing just how conveniently self-serving the speaker of the video appears. The message of the clips denounces and ridicules sexism rather than condoning it† (Peacocke 305). The last main point that Peacocke makes is that â€Å"Family Guy does not aim to hurt, and its creators take certain measures to keep it from hitting too hard†¦ Seth MacFarlane plainly states that there are certain jokes too upsetting to certain groups to go on the air† (Peacocke 307). Also, Peacocke states that â€Å"I believe Family Guy has its intelligent points, and some of its seemingly ‘coarse’ scenes often have hidden merit† (Peacocke 308). In the next sentence Peacocke does admit that â€Å"sometimes the creators do seem cross – or, perhaps, eagerly race past – the line of indecency† (Peacocke 308). In her closing paragraph, Peacocke questions the fact that â€Å"while Family Guy can provide a sort of relief by breaking down taboos, we must still wonder whether or not these taboos exist for a reason† (Peacocke 308). All three main points that the author makes are valid, and as seen in quotes, each main topic is backed up by main points. The first main point is that Family Guy is gaining positive attention. Although this is a valid point, as seen by the popularity, and the awards, this isn’t reason enough to call the show ‘good.’ As the author states, at one point she was not a fan of the show but it later turned onto it by exposure. The content of the show did not change for her opinion to change, she just gave the show a chance and realized she liked the humor. The second main point is that the show makes intellectual references to American culture. This is a valid point as to why the show is good. Any show with a little bit of substance makes references to the past and current topics. It tells what is going on in the world, and explains topics everybody should be aware of. The last main point is that Family Guy breaks rules that no other major TV program or network has been able to break. Although many critics believe these are rules that shouldn’t be broken, the creators believe it needs to be done. This makes it a ‘good’ because it crosses boundaries that others are afraid to cross. Conclusion will link back to first comparison to Freud. Work Cited Peacocke, Antonia. â€Å"Family Guy and Freud: Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious.† They Say, I Say: with readings. Ed. Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst, and Gerald Graff. New York: W.W. Norton, 2012. 300-308. Print.

Metaphor, Sociobiology, and Nature vs. Nurture: The Biological Battle o

Metaphor, Sociobiology, and Nature vs. Nurture: The Biological Battle of the Century Ladies and Gentlemen! I am proud to present one of the biggest and longest-running biological battles of the century! Tonight we recap the surprising nature vs. nurture fight. The following pages will explain the highlights, but if you want to learn about this war in its entirety, you’ll find the blow-by-blow account available to the public in Connie Barlow’s collection, From Gaia to Selfish Genes, in a chapter entitled "Nature, Nurture, and Sociobiology." What began this brawl of the biologists? Was it a woman? No. Was it a war? No. It was a metaphor. And the metaphor states that society is an organism. This metaphor believes that individuals in a society work together in order to function like an organism. But this isn’t the dispute—the real fight lies within the question, How is this organism organized? In other words, do we inherently possess the knowledge to function like an organism or are we taught this skill? Here come the returning champs now! In the Blue Corner—The Returning Champs: The Anti-Sociobiologists Weighing in with a professor from Harvard, a chair of neurobiology from the Open University, and a chair of psychology from Northwestern University, the anti-sociobiologists defend the idea that genes and environment work together, much like a dance, in which the individual is taught social behavior. In an excerpt from their book, Not in Our Genes, theorists Richard Lewontin from Harvard, Steven Rose from the Open University, and Leon Kamin from Northeastern University propose, as the title suggests, that social behavior is not genetic. Rather, it is taught or influenced by an individual’s surrounding environment... ...as hard, scientific evidence, both are lacking. For example, the sociobiologists cannot prove that altruism is a gene, yet the anti-sociobiologists cannot prove otherwise. Thus, the both the sociobiologists and the anti-sociobiologists attempt to answer how an organism is organized with theory—and neither have produced a hypothesis that is agreed upon by a consensus. Yet both positions assume that the metaphor that society is an organism is a commonly accepted idea. Robert Wright reflects my skepticism perfectly when he warns, "this blurring of the line between society and organism is a delicate matter" (150). It appears that, at least for the time being, both sides are going to have to agree to disagree. Work Cited Barlow, Connie, ed. From Gaia to Selfish Genes: Selected Writings in the Life Sciences. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT University Press, 1991.

Aging and Disability Worksheet Essay

Identify 2 or 3 issues faced by the aging population. 1 Unequal treatment in employment – Poverty 2 Face prejudice and discrimination – Ageism 3 Face isolation – Elderly Abuse What is ageism? How does ageism influence the presence of diversity in society? Ageism is the practice of prejudice of discrimination to the elderly. The way that ageism influences the presence of diversity in society is by robbing them of their of their choices, independence and treating them with disrespect. Also by treating them as if they are unable to handle things for themselves as if they have reverted back to an infantile stage. It should be noted that the elderly have a lot of knowledge and wisdom to bring to the table and are able to do the same if not more than society gives them credit for. Society also views elderly people as sickly, frail and unable to take care of themselves. What is the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)? How does the ADA address issues for the aging population? The ADA is a civil rights law that was enacted in 1990 and that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities. This law addresses the issues for the aging population by protecting anyone that is 40+ from being fired or from employment discrimination. It is designed to protect the aging and/or elderly from being passed over for a promotion or raise, however, it is difficult. This law does in fact protect against being fired, however, it does not do anything for helping obtain employment because of your age. This law was definitely designed to protect the elderly or aging, and in short does help to some degree, however, I personally believe that there is more that can be done to protect the aging or elderly a little more than they are. What is being done to address the issues you identified? There are political organizations that have been established for the elderly. One of those organizations is the Older Women’s League (OWL), which was founded in 1980. Then there is the largest organization is the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), which was founded in 1958. These organizations were founded for the sole purpose of helping the elderly and aging with finding discounts for health insurance, nursing home reform, pension reform, social security benefits and a muriad of other resourses for the aging and the elderly. The AAPR represents 1 in every 4 registered voters in the Untied States. (AARP 2003) Is the number of aging population expected to rise in numbers or decrease? The number of aging population is expected to rise in numbers. According to the Bureau of Census 2008c, the population of baby boomers What types of legislation may or may not be affected by the aging population? How does poverty affect the aging population? Part II Answer the following questions in 100 to 200 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What does the ADA provide for people with disabilities? How have people with disabilities been treated in the past? How has the attitude toward people with disabilities changed over time? What are some unique circumstances or issues encountered by people with disabilities? What is being done to address those issues? What types of legislation have been introduced to address issues faced by people with disabilities? References: http://www.alfa.org/ Racial and Ethnic Groups, Thirteenth edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Merrill Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. American Disabilities Act National Nedwork, Information, Guidance, and Training on the American with Disability Act /adata.org/

Report Writing Essay

Eve-teasing is a widespread and most disturbing reality for the girls in Bangladesh. We hardly find reports of eve-teasing in the media until it ends up causing some serious damage to somebody. But we do come across, at times, news and reports telling us how terrifying the consequences of eve-teasing can be. And such news does not usually attract public attention until it grows into a national issue. According to figures released by the Ain-O-Shalish Kendra (ASK) human rights organization, 14 girls and women have taken their own lives over the past four months across the country as a direct result of the insults. It is also a great problem in Sylhet. Young girls, especially school and college girls and female workers top the list as victims of eve-teasing. Given the strict patriarchal social system, it is almost daring for a woman to protest against teasing in public places. In our society, it is usually the girl who is finally held responsible for such incidents. No matter how weak those laws are, most people are unaware of their existence as they are hardly aware of any implementation of those. Considering all these, we can say that laws alone are not enough. What we need most is to change the overall social outlook toward women. We need to raise collective voice and take action against eve-teasing, as we also need to increase the gender-sensitivity of the police force. X,08 Aug 2010: The problems of load-shedding is acute in Sylhet. Bangladesh faces one of the worst power crises of the world. Due to lack of planned investment in the power sector, load shedding has become the flagship phenomenon of the country’s electricity system. Some parts of the city of Sylhet may face black outs for more than 8 hours a day during the very hot summer. The power shortage eventually leads to the failure of water supply. Most citizens have to face a miserable life with little water and no electricity under the scorching tropical heat. There are no significant power station projects in the pipeline and the situation is going to get worse in the coming years. All on a sudden street are covered with darkness with a few lights of cars and buses flashing here and there. Thieves and pick-pockets freely prowl on the street. The suffering of the students due  to load-shedding is beggar’s description. The curse of load-shedding does not spare even the hospital. In fact, words are inadequate to give proper vent to the discomfort and harm caused in our life by this unscrupulous practice of load-shedding. All concerned must join their hands to liberate the people from the curse of load-shedding at a very early date.

Terrorism and Homeland Security Essay Example

Terrorism and Homeland Security Essay Example Terrorism and Homeland Security Essay Terrorism and Homeland Security Essay Essay Topic: Fun Home Terrorism and Homeland Security Name: Course: Institution: Tutor: Date: Terrorism and Homeland Security The terrorism attack threat on Anytown brought to the department of security’s attention is the main drive for the writing of this report. Through research and investigation, it has been confirmed that the renowned terrorist group by the name Abu Nidal Organization (ANO), which conducts most of its operations from Iraq, is behind this threat. It is based in all its main funding countries like Syria, Libya and Iraq. Considering the history of its attacks and the countries it is related to, it can not be underestimated on the places and the extent of damage it is willing to do. A brief attack history of the group is that it has carried out attacks in more than twenty countries worldwide. Some of these countries include modern Palestine, United States, United Kingdom, Israel, PLO and the Arab countries. A total number of nine hundred people have either been killed or injured in all the attacks. As we have encountered them before, their main aim is to kill as many people as they can when undertaking any attack. They especially have a major hatred for the United States because of its efforts to frustrate the group’s operations since 1974. This means that the attack here will be a major one. High Risk areas According to the population data, 88.5% of Caucasians live in the woodland suburbs of Anytown while 75% of the minority resides in the apartments in the urban areas. Due to the group’s aim explained earlier, the group’s main target attacks may be the woodlands suburbs. Another main target for this place may be based on racial grounds. However, the urban areas will not be ignored. The group’s main target will be to get as many casualties as possible, so any part that can accomplish this aim will be targeted. In order to narrow down the vast area, the department has analyzed social places and the most frequented places such as the commercial buildings and social grounds (White, 2011). Malls, restaurants and other eating joints, federal buildings and the churches will be the focus in both the urban areas and the suburbs. Factories with large numbers of employees are also our focus. The large buildings in this area are frequented by approximately three thousand people in a day. The social grounds are attended by approximately a thousand people per day. Since the average income for a person in this city is approximately $48,670, most of the people frequent the stores with average prices. More than 65% of the population is working adults so the most casualties will be the active adults if the attack was to take place. This is the reason why the security department is willing to deploy extra security in the main commercial buildings in the city and the factories with more than 250 employees working in the same area. Evacuation Plans Since we have confirmation that he group has already arrived in the city, the department is doing its best in finding out the areas believed to be their hiding places. The department’s main goal is to stop the attack. However, since we do not have the specific date or dates of the attack(s), our other attention is directed to finding the escape routes. In order to avoid any panic by the public, the evacuation plans are being carried out secretly or in disguise. For example, we have already contacted the major buildings at risk and informed them of having a refresher workshop with the building occupants on how to evacuate a building in case there is any incident. We have told them to carry out this activity as though they were just updating the occupants without raising any panic or suspicion. The department has also encouraged the security in the airports, and train stations to be on alert and to be extremely thorough while doing the checks. This is because we are not sure whether the weapons are already in the country or they will have to be brought in. Extra surveillance has also been placed on the most vulnerable areas mentioned (Nicholson, 2005). Since the ANO is known for hitting where it hurts the most, the schools (especially the kindergarten, elementary and high schools) are under extra surveillance and security. This is not limited to the vulnerable regions. The security has been biffed up in the region to cover all schools. The universities and other learning institutions are under the extra surveillance too. Extra cameras and other security devices have been mounted in the mentioned buildings, schools, federal buildings and the transportation grounds. Although this has been carried out indirectly in order to avoid panic, the people have been asked to avoid staying in large groups or unnecessarily staying in one building for too long. This has been done under the pretence of the attacks taking place in other countries and that it is always good to stay safe. All the attention has been driven to this attack threat and the officials in the department are determined to find the culprits. The whole city is at risk but the areas mentioned as the most vulnerable will be put under high surveillance and the necessary arrangements done in preparation of the attack. Our main priority is preventing the attack. References Carter, D. L. (2004). A Guide for State, Local, and Tribal Law Enforcement Agencies. Law Enforcement Intelligence. Retrieved from intellprogram.msu.edu/Carter_Intelligence_Guide.pdf Nicholson, W. C. (2005). Homeland security law and policy. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. White, J. R. (2011). Terrorism and Homeland Security. Belmont, CA: Wordsworth.

How Fiber Optics Was Invented

How Fiber Optics Was Invented Fiber optics is the contained transmission of light through long fiber rods of either glass or plastics. The light travels by process of internal reflection. The core medium of the rod or cable is more reflective than the material surrounding the core. That causes the light to keep being reflected back into the core where it can continue to travel down the fiber. Fiber optic cables are used for transmitting voice, images, and other data at close to the speed of light. Who Invented Fiber Optics? Corning Glass researchers  Robert Maurer, Donald Keck, and Peter Schultz  invented fiber optic wire or Optical Waveguide Fibers (patent #3,711,262) capable of carrying 65,000 times more information than copper wire, through which information carried by a pattern of light waves could be decoded at a destination even a thousand miles away.   Fiber optic communication methods and materials invented by  them opened the door to the commercialization of fiber optics. From long-distance telephone service to the internet and medical devices such as the endoscope, fiber optics are now a major part of modern life.   Timeline 1854: John Tyndall demonstrated to the Royal Society that light could be conducted through a curved stream of water, proving that a light signal could be bent.1880:  Alexander Graham Bell invented his Photophone, which transmitted a voice signal on a beam of light. Bell focused sunlight with a mirror and then talked into a mechanism that vibrated the mirror. At the receiving end, a detector picked up the vibrating beam and decoded it back into a voice the same way a phone did with electrical signals. However, many things - a cloudy day, for instance - could interfere with the Photophone, causing Bell to stop any further research with this invention.1880: William Wheeler invented a system of light pipes lined with a highly reflective coating that illuminated homes by using light from an electric arc lamp placed in the basement and directing the light around the home with the pipes.1888: The medical team of Roth and Reuss of Vienna used bent glass rods to illuminate body cavities.1 895: French engineer Henry Saint-Rene designed a system of bent glass rods for guiding light images in an attempt at early television. 1898: American David Smith applied for a patent on a bent glass rod device to be used as a surgical lamp.1920s: Englishman John Logie Baird and American Clarence W. Hansell patented the idea of using arrays of transparent rods to transmit images for television and facsimiles respectively.1930: German medical student Heinrich Lamm was the first person to assemble a bundle of optical fibers to carry an image. Lamms goal was to look inside inaccessible parts of the body. During his experiments, he reported transmitting the image of a light bulb. The image was of poor quality, however. His effort to file a patent was denied because of Hansells British patent.1954: Dutch scientist Abraham Van Heel and British scientist Harold H. Hopkins separately wrote papers on imaging bundles. Hopkins reported on imaging bundles of unclad fibers while Van Heel reported on simple bundles of clad fibers. He covered a bare fiber with a transparent cladding of a lower refractive index. This protected the f iber reflection surface from outside distortion and greatly reduced interference between fibers. At the time, the greatest obstacle to a viable use of fiber optics was in achieving the lowest signal (light) loss. 1961: Elias Snitzer of American Optical published a theoretical description of single-mode fibers, a fiber with a core so small it could carry light with only one waveguide mode. Snitzers idea was okay for a medical instrument looking inside the human, but the fiber had a light loss of one decibel per meter. Communications devices needed to operate over much longer distances and required a light loss of no more than ten or 20 decibels (a measurement of light) per kilometer.1964: A critical (and theoretical) specification was identified by Dr. C.K. Kao for long-range communication devices. The specification was ten or 20 decibels of light loss per kilometer, which established the standard. Kao also illustrated the need for a purer form of glass to help reduce light loss.1970: One team of researchers began experimenting with fused silica, a material capable of extreme purity with a high melting point and a low refractive index. Corning Glass researchers Robert Maurer, Donald Keck, and Peter Schultz invented fiber optic wire or Optical Waveguide Fibers (patent #3,711,262) capable of carrying 65,000 times more information than copper wire. This wire allowed for information carried by a pattern of light waves to be decoded at a destination even a thousand miles away. The team had solved the problems presented by Dr. Kao. 1975: The United States government decided to link the computers at the NORAD headquarters at Cheyenne Mountain using fiber optics to reduce interference.1977: The first optical telephone communication system was installed about 1.5 miles under downtown Chicago.  Each optical fiber carried the equivalent of 672 voice channels.By the end of the century, more than 80 percent of the worlds long-distance traffic was carried over optical fiber cables and 25 million kilometers of the cable. Maurer, Keck, and Schultz-designed cables have been installed worldwide. U.S. Army Signal Corp The following information was submitted by Richard Sturzebecher. It was originally published in the Army Corp publication Monmouth Message. In 1958, at the U.S. Army Signal Corps Labs in Fort Monmouth New Jersey, the manager of Copper Cable and Wire hated the signal transmission problems caused by lightning and water. He encouraged Manager of Materials Research Sam DiVita to find a replacement for copper wire. Sam thought glass, fiber, and light signals might work, but the engineers who worked for Sam told him a glass fiber would break. In September 1959, Sam DiVita asked 2nd Lt. Richard Sturzebecher if he knew how to write the formula for a glass fiber capable of transmitting light signals. DiVita had learned that Sturzebecher, who was attending the Signal School, had melted three triaxial glass systems using SiO2 for his 1958 senior thesis at Alfred University. Sturzebecher knew the answer. While using a microscope to measure the index-of-refraction on SiO2 glasses, Richard developed a severe headache. The 60 percent and 70 percent SiO2 glass powders under the microscope allowed higher and higher amounts of brilliant white light to pass through the microscope slide and into his eyes. Remembering the headache and the brilliant white light from high SiO2 glass, Sturzebecher knew that the formula would be ultra pure SiO2. Sturzebecher also knew that Corning made high purity SiO2 powder by oxidizing pure SiCl4 into SiO2. He suggested that DiVita use his power to award a federal contract to Corning to develop the fiber. DiVita had already worked with Corning research people. But he had to make the idea public because all research laboratories had a right to bid on a federal contract. So in 1961 and 1962, the idea of using high purity SiO2 for a glass fiber to transmit light was made public information in a bid solicitation to all research laboratories. As expected, DiVita awarded the contract to Corning Glass Works in Corning, New York in 1962. Federal funding for glass fiber optics at Corning was about $1,000,000 between 1963 and 1970. Signal Corps Federal funding of many research programs on fiber optics continued until 1985, thereby seeding this industry and making todays multibillion-dollar industry that eliminates copper wire in communications a reality. DiVita continued to come to work daily at the U.S. Army Signal Corps in his late 80s and volunteered as a consultant on nanoscience until his death at age 97 in 2010.

Explain the influence of T. S. Eliot on 20th century Arabic poetry, Essay

Explain the influence of T. S. Eliot on 20th century Arabic poetry, giving examples - Essay Example He died in 1965 but his fame did not die with him. Infact he became a model for the future generations in all parts of the world (Nobelprize.org). Eliot’s influence on English writers is well known to everyone. His books â€Å"Prufrock and other Observations†, â€Å"Four Quartets† and in particular â€Å"The Wasteland† has influenced many English writers. However, Eliot’s fame and influence did not confine itself to the borders of Europe and America. Where English poetry under Eliot’s influence moved with a steady pace, the Arabic poetry made a giant leap unleashing itself from the age old Arabic classical poetic model, the qasida, whose form, structure and pattern were laid down in the seventh century and were older than the religion Islam itself (Loya, 1971). The qasida was a couplet which consisted of two symmetrical hemistiches, separated by a caesura followed by a fixed pattern of long and short vowels. Each couplet was independent of the rest of the poem. All the couplets followed a similar rhyme scheme and meter throughout the poem. In Arabic poetry there was also restriction in the selection of themes as well. This pattern was being followed by the Arab poets without any significant changes for the past fourteen hundred centuries. The tribal Arab society gave way to the urbanized society which desperately demanded changes in the poetic form to express its message. The Arab poets became aware of the fact that the traditional qasida form consisting of fixed meter and rhyme was not sufficient to express the harsh realities of life. Despite all this the Arab poets continued to write in the traditional form till the twentieth century. The situation continued till the influence of West, in particular, the influence of T.S. Eliot changed the trend of the Arabic poetry. Many Arabic poets were deeply influenced by T.S. Eliot, whose literary work had touched all parts of the world with admiration (Loya,